Wendelin essencias in poultry breeding
In the past one-two decades in the case of poultry species, in parallel with the increase of genetic performance, we have observed several syndrome characteristic problems that continuously affect production.
Despite the fact that poultry producers pay increasing attention to the improvement of technological conditions, these syndromes cause a growing production shortfall.
The prevention and remedying of symptoms that cause serious financial damage is an increasingly great challenge for livestock breeders, animal nutrition experts and veterinarians.
Finding the root causes of the problem may at the same time be the most effective implement of its prevention.
Changes that have occurred in animal nutrition in the past 20 years:
Wendelin essencias are the preventive instruments of animal nutrition physiological flaws.
The malsecretion, maldigestion and malabsorption syndrome is a problem in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Its result is production shortfall, in extreme cases in 5-10 % stunted growth and dwarfism (RSS syndrome) may occur in the stock.
In the gizzard of day-old poultry the secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen is insufficient. The GMO extracted soy-granulate glyphosate herbicide remnant value’s continuous increase (between 1996-2015 it increased from 0.1 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg) is especially unfavorable. Glyphosate damages the luminal mucosa and the intestinal mucosa. In the stomach there is a hydrochloric acid and digestive enzyme deficit as a result of damage to the mucosa, this phenomenon also has an unfavorable effect on the enzyme production of the pancreas, and because of the damage to the intestinal mucosa the secretion of intestinal fluid is also impaired (malsecretion). These phenomena together cause maldigestion syndrome, a problem in the digestion of nutrients.
A consequence of maldigestion, a problem in the digestion of nutrients, is malabsorption syndrome, a problem in the absorption of nutrients.
Intestinal mucosa damage caused by glyphosate also deteriorates the efficiency of absorption. Intestinal dysbiosis affecting livestock is also causing an increasing problem in the case of poultry. The increase of GMO extracted soy-granulate glyphosate herbicide remnant value has a significant effect. Beneficial intestinal bacteria are all glyphosate sensitive, the associated primarily non-pathogenic bacteria may become pathogenic, e.g. enterococcus, as a result of their proliferation. The facultative remnant flora that represents only 0.1 % in the intestinal microbe condition affected by eubiosis, when proliferated may frequently cause an illness resulting in considerable production shortfall. Clostridiums, salmonellas, enteropathogenic E. coli are all glyphosate resistant.
The over-proliferated harmful bacteria result in Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome. As a consequence of toxins produced by over-proliferated harmful bacteria, and their decarboxylase enzyme production, biogenic amines created of unabsorbed amino acids cause considerable production shortfall.
In the case of digestive problems, what we don’t think of
Animal physiology and veterinary pathophysiology discuss the functioning of animal body and pathophysiology processes according to individual organ systems. In many cases this static classification covers up the interaction “attributable” to individual organ systems where one organ system obstructs the functioning of another organ system.
Malsectretion (deficient digestive fluid secretion), maldigestion (deterioration of the efficiency of digestion), a malabsorption (deterioration of absorption) are an increasingly serious problem in poultry rearing. List of diameters: arterioles 20-200 µm, meta- arterioles 8-20 µm, capillaries 5-7 µm, post-capillary venules 20 µm and venules 40-250 µm. The blood supply of intestinal villous, the functioning of their vasodilatation is defining from the aspect of the efficiency of digestion. If we improve the condition of circulation, namely the blood supply of intestinal villous, efficiency of digestion is also improved and the immune condition of the intestine also improve.
Solution possibilities in Wendelin essencias for enteral problems
Wendelin-essencia hepar exerts a positive effect on the circulation of poultry species
The assistance is realized at three points.
1. The active ingredients of cranberry leaf improve the permeability of the capillaries of blood vessels.
2. Fulvic acid facilitates the absorption of lysine added to the feed in the form of free amino acids, reducing the development of lysine-arginine antagonism.
3. Arginine added as fulvic acid-arginine complex avoids the antagonism of these two-base amino acids, thus the body does not become arginine deficient. The circulation problem in poultry contributes to the development of digestive physiological problems.
Another syndrome that causes significant mortality and production shortfall is the problems affecting the circulatory organ system:
There are countless unclear points in the pathogenesis of refractory ascites in broiler chickens. As a result of the straw-yellow fluid, blood serum, accumulating in the abdominal cavity after the age of three weeks, the animals move clumsily with their leg spread, the color of the abdominal wall’s skin filled with serum is bluish grey. From the aspect of the syndrome’s development increased blood pressure is defining, the consequence of which is the increased functional stress of the heart. The cause of mortality is the collapse of the circulatory organ system.
The vasodilatation of the lung’s circulatory system and the dilation of capillaries are insufficient, thus oxygen deficiency occurs, while the carbon dioxide output is obstructed. The heart definitely wants to compensate for this situation and it pumps blood through the lungs with increasing intensity to ensure oxygen supply. As a result of this, pressure is increased in the pulmonary circulation, the intensified heart activity leads to heart enlargement, a consequence of which is congestion in the veins of the systemic vasculature and the lymph system. When the congestion and the vein pressure reach a certain level (by c.a. 3 weeks of age), the accumulation of serum begins in the abdominal cavity. If the liver is also affected the development of refractory ascites accelerates.
Sudden death syndrome is caused by the stoppage of heart function in chickens, the sudden collapse of the cardiovascular system. The birds die without any precursor event. Most frequently it occurs at the age of 3-4 weeks. Anatomic conditions and physiological anomalies play a role in it (heart – lung), as well as extreme performance.
Aortic rupture is one of the significant disorders causing mortality in turkey fattening and turkey rearing. It occurs in the second half of fattening from the age of 12-16 weeks. Primarily increased blood pressure is considered to be its cause, among the reasons nutritional deficiencies and flaws, as well as genetic factors are mentioned. Essentially, the lack of vasodilatation of the arterioles, the capillaries and venules, the absence of microcirculatory function cause blood pressure to rise.
In every disease process the extreme increase of blood pressure is defining. I classify in this syndrome the deep muscle atrophy called „Green Muscle Disease” that causes the functional loss of chest muscles and affects broiler chickens as well as turkeys increasingly often.
In the development of „Green Muscle Disease” the oxygen deficiency of chest muscle tissue is defining. The facilitators of microcirculation are arterioles, meta- arterioles, pre-capillaries, sphincters, capillaries, post-capillary venules and venules. In the absence of the functioning of vasodilatation the oxygen and nutrient supply of tissues as well as the transport of metabolic products are damaged. The muscle atrophies in the chest based on this principle.
Animal physiology and veterinary pathophysiology discuss the functioning of animal body and pathophysiology processes according to individual organ systems. In many cases this static classification covers up the interaction “attributable” to individual organ systems where one organ system obstructs the functioning of another organ system.
Solution possibilities of Wendelin essencias for problems affecting the circulatory organ system
No significant progress has occurred in recent years in the prevention and treatment of syndromes affecting the circulatory organ system of poultry. Wendelin essencia represents a new, effective remedy in the case of these syndromes. Let’s review the physiological foundation for this: Nitrogen-monoxide NO was the molecule of the year in 1992 according to Science magazine.
The describers of the physiological role of NO won a Nobel Prize in 1998. Nitrogen-monoxide (NO) plays an important role in the functioning of the body’s circulatory system. It’s a vasodilator, a substance with vascular dilation increasing effect, as a result of its synthesis within the dilated blood vessels a higher volume of blood flow can pass, thus enhancing oxygen, nutrient and fluid transport. Accordingly, it causes an improvement in the functioning of practically every organ. Therefore it plays a defining role in the maintenance or readjustment of healthy circulation and in the elimination of high blood pressure.
Why isn’t a sufficient amount of NO produced?
Arginine provides the neurotransmitter NO for vascular dilation. A consequence of arginine deficiency is that in the endothelial cells of capillaries NO is not produced in the absence of L-arginine, thus blood vessels don’t dilate for the blood in the capillaries. Therefore circulation deteriorates in the entire body, tissues suffer from a lack of oxygen and nutrient.
Why isn’t there a sufficient amount of arginine in the bodies of poultry?
Arginine is an essential amino acid for pigs and poultry, but it isn’t for adult humans.
The high lysine content of poultry feed is favorable for meat production, but it’s not favorable from the aspect of optimal circulation.
Although poultry feed related professional literature doesn’t discuss the phenomenon of amino acid antagonism, the two base amino acids, lysine and arginine are antagonists of each other, in the course of absorption both amino acids share the same carrier molecule. In the competition lysine represses arginine.
In this lysine dominant condition how is it possible to deliver arginine into the body?
In relation to the digestion and diffusion of proteins animal feed professional literature frequently contradicts physiology, specifically in the digestion and diffusion of proteins and amino acids. Amino acids within proteins are diffused more easily as peptides than as free amino acids. There is a significant reason for this, peptides are absorbed by simple diffusion, without energy requirement by passive transport.
Free amino acids are diffused by means of membrane transporter proteins, the so-called carrier molecule and Na+ pump.
We utilize the physiological mechanism of protein absorption to deliver the arginine.
In comparison with its weight the molecule contains a large number of carboxyl roots, which make complex binding of two base amino acids possible.
These two characteristics make it possible for the fulvic acid-lysine complex to avoid the lysine-arginine antagonism.
The essencia added to drinking water mixes with the feed in the crop.
The amount of fulvic acid in wendelin essencias also makes it possible for the free amino acids in the feed to be absorbed, especially as two base lysine, in fulvic acid-lysine complex form. Similarly fulvic acid also binds the inorganic cations in the feed, thus the utilization of minerals is considerably more efficient and the feed’s buffer capacity will be lower.
The presence of arginine in the body enables nitrogen oxide production and the functioning of vasodilation.
This effect functioning on a physiological basis gives hope for the better functioning of the circulatory system of poultry, the improvement of production indicators as well as the reduction of shortfalls.
Feed wasting, feed scattering
Feed wasting and feed throwing is feed intake related a behavioral problem of broiler chickens. In these cases feed loss from the automatic feeder is significant. The problem occurs after the age of two weeks, generally after feed exchange. At this time the nutritional values of the feed change as well as the composition of the raw material. Furthermore, the preparation of the feed also changes, crumbed feed is changed to granulated feed. This behavior disorder is also characteristic of turkeys.
The usual technological changes, the adjustment of the feeder line height, modification of feed selection on the feeder plates (paying attention, so it’s not too much or too little) are unsuccessful.
A similar phenomenon is known in the case of breeding sows and piglets in fattening barns. There an interesting connected phenomenon occurs that is unusual in pig species: periodically the mouths of sows and fattened pigs foam accompanied by a continuous munching motion.
Besides the foaming mouth an interesting connected phenomenon is that the animals scatter the feed from the feeders causing great feed wasting, in addition to this some compulsive motions occur in the animals that suggest a nervous system disorder.
It’s possible that a similar feeding cause is behind this that doesn’t originate from classic feed flaws.
Pathophysiology refers to phenomena when there is a nervous system disorder caused by liver function as hepatic encephalopathy. One of these disorder processes is endogenous ammonia toxicity.
The secretion of birds, thus poultry livestock is significantly different from mammals.
Let’s review the difference:
In poultry the end product of nitrogen processing isn’t urea, rather uric acid. The arginase enzyme is missing from the liver of birds, thus they are unable to produce urea. The uric acid synthesis of birds is composed of the following steps.
The ammonia released by disamilation is bound in the glutamic acid → glutamine conversion, it becomes the precursor of the purine frame of uric acid.
In the course of the production of the purine frame base, the bird gets rid of the excess nitrogen in multiple steps with the inosine acid → hypoxanthine → xanthine → uric acid conversion. The key enzyme of this conversion is the xanthine oxidase enzyme.
The feed intake problem, difficulty swallowing and behavioral anomaly brings up the possibility of endogen ammonia toxicity. When as a consequence of the high endogen ammonia concentration of blood the ammonia crosses the blood-brain barrier, the ammonia has a direct damaging effect on the brain’s motor function cells, which obstructs the swallowing reflex.
In the case of mammals ammonia toxicity is the result of the lysine-arginine amino acid antagonism. During the urea cycle the lack of arginine prevents the ammonia from transforming into urea.
In the uric acid synthesis of birds there is no arginine present. The xanthine oxidase enzyme catalyzes two steps in the uric acid synthesis, which occurs in the kidney of poultry.
The cause of the ammonia toxicity of poultry is the following: Lysine is a highly effective oxidase enzyme inhibitor, U.Kela, R. Vijayvargiya 1980.,
The article can be found here
The high lysine free amino acid content of the feed obstructs the decomposition of ammonia, because the xanthine oxidase enzyme catalyzes two steps in the uric acid synthesis.
The cause of the broiler chicken’s behavioral disorder and failure of feed intake is the high ammonia level of the blood, while the chicken is hungry, a sense of hunger exists, but feed intake fails. Therefore it continuously “plays” with the feed, this is the reason for the scattering of feed from the feeder. Meanwhile the birds exhibit unnatural behavior: they are excited and they jump.
How does Wendelin essencia assist in avoiding the ammonia toxicity of chickens? As a result of the effective complex producing characteristic of fulvic acid in the essencia, the demand for the carrier molecule (integral transmembrane proteins) facilitating the absorption of lysine free amino acid is reduced. With the two base lysine free amino acid very easily and effectively forms a lysine – fulvic acid complex with the fulvic acid that has a significant carboxyl binding capacity and is easily absorbed by passive diffusion. Thereby the demand in the body for the limited amount of carrier molecule that plays a significant role in lysine absorption and movement within the body is considerably reduced. With this the effectiveness of lysine transport within the body significantly improves, thereby the concentration of lysine in the circulating blood is reduced. The xanthine oxidase enzyme will be less obstructed in the decomposition of ammonia. With this ammonia toxicity in poultry can be avoided.
Perosis
Perosis is a group of symptoms in which disorders of different etiologies and disease processes affecting poultry is generally summarized. The main problem is the deformation of developing bones.
In the postembryonic age hollow bones grow both in length and thickness. The lengthwise growth starts from the diaphysis and the epiphysis line. The epiphysis line comprises two parts: the proliferation zone and the growth zone. The bones continue their lengthwise growth until the epiphysis line ossifies.
Perosis is also called tendon disease and foot disease. In individuals suffering from perosis in the course of cartilage formation lengthwise growth of hollow bones is obstructed and disproportional. As a result of this the bones curve outward or inward as well as twist in a spiral shape along their longitudinal axis.
The most serious deformation usually occurs at the bone ends that form the foot joint. As a result of the deformed bones the finger bending tendon (Achilles tendon) slips out of the tendon groove and from that time on the animal is unable to place weight on that leg.
In the course of the etiology and disease process of perosis professional literature mostly correlates it with manganese deficiency, or a manganese absorption problem caused by excess calcium or phosphorous. But they also attribute great significance to choline, folic acid, biotin, nicotinic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency that are connected to manganese metabolism.
In recent decades in poultry feed we have paid increasingly more attention to microelements in organic and inorganic bond as well as the feed’s vitamin content with. The occurrence of perosis has not been reduced despite this fact.
What is the reason for this?
We can observe the reason for this in pathological anatomy disorders. Bones affected by perosis are well calcified and solid. At the bone ends on their section planes the epiphysis-line is only noticeable in the form of a thin, narrow line. In the proliferation zone the cells are not arranged in orderly rows. There is little cartilage matter between the cells, the cartilage’s blood vessel network is deficient.
The blood supply of the cartilage matter of growing joints is just one segment of the circulatory problems in poultry.
Blood reaches joint cartilage by the vasodilatation of capillaries, arterioles and venules of the peripheral circulation and the dilation of blood vessels, and thus the development of joints becomes physiologically normal.
Because of the high lysine content of feed, as a result of lysine-arginine antagonism there is arginine deficiency in the body, and in its absence the neurotransmitter of vasodilatation, NO is not available, since the donor of NO is arginine. Because of this mechanism the vasodilatation of capillaries doesn’t function.
NO isn’t just the donor of vasodilatation, it’s also the neurotransmitter of the development of embryonic and post-hatching blood vessel capillaries, their angiogenesis. (See in more detail in the navel infection menu item).
www.wendelin-essencia.hu: A kelésgyengeség (köldökgyulladás)
The thighbone joint curve of poultry species occurs on this pathophysiological basis.
Wendelin-essencia hepar exerts a positive effect on the circulation of poultry species
The assistance is realized at three points.
Infectious anemia in chickens
It’s a serious immune suppressive disease involving the anemia of chickens and the destruction of lymphoid tissue. Anemia in chickens is associated with chicken anemia virus. Chicken anemia virus belongs in the circovirideae family of viruses.
It spreads among 1-3 weeks old broiler chicken stock, both vertically (infection through the eggshell) and horizontally (the virus enters the chickens through their beaks directly by pecking at feces).
The ratio of morbidity (illness) and the extent of mortality (death) depend on a number of factors.
Professional literature describes the following immune biological problems in anemic chickens.
It is also a professional literature reference that morbidity and mortality greatly depend on holding and nutritional conditions.
What may be the nutritional conditions?
Arginine is an essential amino acid in poultry and pigs. In the past two decades with lysine dominant feeding, as a result of lysine-arginine antagonism, chickens have become arginine deficient.
How does arginine deficiency affect the immune system?
Arginine must be available for the quantity of T-lymphocyte production, and the functioning of T-lymphocyte to be sufficient. The functioning of the thymus is modulated by arginine. Bronte V., Zanovello P. 2005., Rodriguez et al. 2003., Ochoa J.B., Makarenkova V. 2005.
In the absence of arginine the thymus of broiler chickens (the fetal gland) and the bursa Fabricus have a smaller weight, they are atrophied. Arginine deficiency has a negative effect on immune response. Bulbul T., Ozdemir V., Bolbul A., Ulutas E., 2014.
The question arises what plays a primary role in causing the condition that results in significant damage to the immune organs (atrophy of thymus, bursa Fabricus) and the production of T and B lymphocytes, affecting the immune system of chickens. Is the viremia of the chicken anemia virus a cause or a result of the complete collapse of the immune system?
The arginine content of Wendelis essencia hepar and digestive veterinary medicinal effect products is capable of compensating for the arginine deficiency in chickens that is caused by the lysine-arginine antagonism. The fulvic acid-arginine complex avoids the lysine-arginine antagonism in its absorption that is caused by lysine dominance in feeding.
Professional literature discusses and practice supports that as a result of the immunosuppressive effect of the anemic condition, the consequences of viral and bacterial coinfections are frequently rather serious. The bactericide and bacteriostatic effect of the medicinal herbs in the two essencias well protect against this condition.
A phenomenon parallel with this is Periweaning Failure to Thrive Syndrome (PFTS) in pigs, which occurs during the intrauterine development of piglets, in which thymus atrophy is a characteristic pathology symptom. Immune system damage with significant immunosuppressive effect is characteristic until the weaning of suckling piglets.
Periweaning Failure to Thrive Syndrome in piglet
The cause of navel inflammation (hatching weakness) is angiogenesis
In the course of the embryonic development of poultry, the embryo gains the nutrients necessary for its development from the substances in the vitellus.
The embryo develops from the discus germinativus. Embryonal accessories, carpels gradually encase the yolk and the albumen. The embryo’s extraembryonic membranes are the vitelline sac, the allantois and the amnion. The embryo’s extraembryonic membranes serve the function of the embryo’s breathing, nutrition, metabolism as well as its protection.
In the course of hatching the active circulation of the embryo commences on the 3rd – 4th day of egg incubation. The building material and the energy source of the embryo’s hatching is the vitelline sac. The integration of the substances of the vitelline sac into the embryo and later the fetus occur through the so-called extraembryonic blood vessel system.
The allantois absorbs the egg albumen that is utilized by the embryo and dilutes the calcium necessary for the embryo’s body from the egg shell. The blood vessels of the allantois are also very important from the aspect of the embryo’s gas exchange, since its breathing is conducted through the surface of the allantois’ capillaries.
In the course of incubation the vitelline sac is located outside of the embryo’s body cavity until the 18th day of incubation. By the 19th day of incubation the vitelline sac must recede into the embryo’s body cavity. This process occurs through the relatively small sized navel opening in a short period of time. Subsequently to this the navel opening closes. On the 3rd day after the hatching of the day-old chick the complete absorption of the substances of the vitellus takes place, and the vitellus is only visible in the form of a lever connected to the duodenum. The slow and incomplete recession of the vitelline sac is a rather unfavorable phenomenon from the aspect of the later development of poultry. As a result of the incomplete absorption of the vitellus during incubation the vitality of the day-old poultry is reduced, and through the open navel opening bacteria may reach the day-old chick’s abdominal cavity by the vitelline membrane from the environment, and there they can develop serious processes, frequently leading to mortality.
The cause of the development of navel inflammation (hatching weakness), the late and incomplete absorption of the vitelline sac and the incomplete and late closing of the navel are not infectious. In the weak growth and mortality of day-old poultry infectious causes may play a role. In the process of the development of navel inflammation, holding and nutrition flaws may also play a role, by the fact that these negatively influence the quality of the breeding egg, the nutrient content and antibody content of the vitellus.
What could be the specific nutrition flaw that leads to of navel inflammation?
Professional literature describes the correlation between nutrition and the developmental abnormalities that occur in the process of embryonic development as well as navel inflammation. However, beyond general statements, thus sufficient energy, fiber, protein and amino acid, vitamin and mineral (macro- and microelements) supply, as well as the existence of acceptable mycotoxin and microbiological parameters, there is no direct causality related to nutrition.
It can be stated that a significant navel inflammation can occur even in the case of optimal composition and fungal toxin free feed.
In the case of individuals with navel inflammation, as a result of the weak development of blood vessels, the absorption process of the egg albumen and yolk as well as the pace of calcium integration is slower, and the gas exchange of the embryo is insufficient.
The development of blood vessels, the histological development of extraembryonic blood vessels in the vitellus substance can be observed in the 40th hour of incubation.
Vein formation is a strictly regulated process during ontogenesis as well as in the adult body. This process is referred to by physiology as angiogenesis. The development of blood vessel capillaries is an important and regulated process. Regulated angiogenesis is important in regeneration after an injury, and in the development of the capillaries of placenta villuses in mammals as well as the development of extraembryonic blood vessels in bird embryos.
Judah Folkman performed pioneering work in 1962 in the exploration of the characteristics of capillary growth. As a result of tumorous diseases, angiogenesis has been an emphasized research field of medical science and physiological for more than half a century.
Chicken embryos are a preferential choice for use in the research of angiogenesis. This allows us to conclude that the embryonic development of chickens and other poultry species as well as their navel inflammation is also dependent on environmental factors. In the following I outline a possible and certainly noteworthy correlation for the phenomenon of weak extraembryonic blood vessel angiogenesis in the case of chicken embryos that is a consequence of our current nutrition practices, which could be the cause of the increasing occurrence of navel inflammation.
High quantity of lysine free amino acid in the feed → lysine-arginine antagonism in the poultry’s body → arginine is the donor for nitrogen-oxide → NO is also the neurotransmitter of angiogenesis and the vasodilatation of blood vessel capillaries → the embryo’s own and its extraembryonic circulation is damaged → the consequence is incomplete absorption of the vitellus substance and closing of the navel ring.
Physiology and pathophysiology discuss:
In contrast with this, there isn’t a single word in Hungarian or international livestock feed professional literature among the possible cases of existing, significant “animal health” problems, where circulation is involved in the development of the problem. The next study discusses the physiological role of NO as a neurotransmitter.
The study can be found here
Marcin Magierowski, Katarzyna Magierowska, Slawomir Kwiecien and Tomasz Brzozowski Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland Received: 20 March 2015 / Accepted: 13 May 2015 / Published: 19 May 2015.
In the figure several correlations are illustrated regarding the physiological role of NO as a neurotransmitter:
Based on the physiological effect of wendelin essencia hepar, by providing essencia during egg producing periods to breeding stocks the lysine-arginine antagonism can be reduced, thus NO deficiency doesn’t develop in the animals. The process of angiogenesis in the incubated eggs will be optimal, thus by the 21st day the navel of the incubated chicken closes, by the 3rd day after hatching 100% of the vitellus substance is absorbed.
Regulated functioning of the immune system, and arginine
In the macrophages of the immune system (phagocytes) the Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase enzyme synthetizes NO. It exerts its effect when the cell devours a pathogen. Its task is to destroy the pathogen. As a result of its large quantity NO production the iNOS has a cytotoxic effect. The NO produced in the macrophages has an antimicrobial and tumor cell damaging effect. The iNOS production of the macrophages is initiated by cytokines of the Th1 immune response, the LPS antigenic effect of bacteria, as well as antibacterial toxins. Nitrogen monoxide exerts its cytotoxic effect by preventing the proliferation of bacteria as well as virus replication, as it blocks the functioning of the key enzyme of DNA and RNA synthesis, ribonucleotide reductase. The macrophages produced in the peyer plaques located in the lamina propria layer of the intestinal mucosa are an important part of the immune function of the intestine. Arginine deficiency obstructs this immune function. I attach an article related to salmonella infection and intestinal immune problem induced by NO deficiency.
Salmonella and NO deficit:
Calvin A. Henard and Andrés Vázquez-Torres: Nitric oxide and Salmonella pathogenesis, 2011., Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00084/full
Coccidiosis and the absence of nitrogen monoxide production:
Hyun S. Lillehoj and Guangxing Li: Nitric Oxide Production by Macrophages Stimulated with Coccidia Sporozoites, Lipopolysaccharide, or Interferon-γ, and Its Dynamic Changes in SC and TK Strains of Chickens Infected with Eimeria tenella Avian Diseases Vol. 48, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 2004), pp. 244-253 Published by: American Association of Avian Pathologists
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1593273
The outcome of avian flu and viral infections, the nitrogen monoxide production of macrophages:
Kristina S. Burrack and Thomas E. Morrison: The Role of Myeloid Cell Activation and Arginine Metabolism in the Pathogenesis of Virus-Induced Diseases Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA Edited by: Charles Dudley Mills, BioMedical Consultants, USA
With the assistance of Wendelin essencia hepar the lysine-arginine antagonism can be avoided, thus the functioning of the immune system becomes possible:
The functioning of the immune system and the healing of damaged tissue.
The elimination of pathogens (killing response) as well as the healing of tissue are arginine dependent through cell proliferation and collagen production.
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